The Theoretical Framework of Distribution System and Distribution Channel Management free essay sample

It’s a movement of goods and services from source through a distribution channel, right up to the final customer, consumer, or user, and the movement of payment in the opposite direction, right up to the orginial producer or supplier. (Business dictionary) Source: * William D. Perreault, Jr, PhD, University of North Caroline. Essentials of Marketing – A marketing Strategy Planning Approad, 12 edition, pp 248. * http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/distribution. html 1. 2. 2. Roles’s distribution Globalization of markets is a phenomenon that has received much attention and been extensively debated both at the general societal/ institutional / cultural levels and at market and business levels. In any globalization process, distribution of goods and services between and within local industrial and consumer markets is of great importance. Globalization of markets and reoganiztion of distribution are mutually dependent processes that involve changes in marke t strutures. As national market expand and as new opportunities arise for satisfying consumer demand, greater specialisation in distribution is evident both in level of distribution and in goods and service handled (Mallen, 1996). We will write a custom essay sample on The Theoretical Framework of Distribution System and Distribution Channel Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Distribution excellence has become a powerful source of competitive differentiation. In the 1980’s and 1990’s at USA, companies began to view distribution channles as more than simply a source of cost savings and recognize it as a source of enhancing product or serve offerings as part of he broader supply chain process to create competitie advantage. Distribution builds stable competitive advantages. (Mentzer et al, 2004). Source: * Mallen, B. ,(1996). Selecting channels of distribution: a multistage process. International Journal of Physical Distribution amp; Logistics Management, Vol. 26, pp. 5-21. * Mentzer, J. T. , Min, S. , and Bobbitt, M. L. ,(2004). Toward a unified theory of logistics. International Journal of Physical Distribution amp; Logistics Management, Vol. 34, pp 606-627. 1. 2. 2. 3 Purpose of distribution All marketing managers want to be sure that their goods and sevices are available in the right quantities, to the right locations and at the right time, as well as to minimize systemwide cost while satisfying the service levels their customers require. But customers may have a different needs in these areas as they make different purchases. 1. 2. 2 The distribution channel 1. 2. 3. 4 The distribution channel concept A distribution channel is the path through which goods and services travel from the vendor to ther consumer or payments for those products travel from the consumer to the vendor. With this kind of channel, it ensures close interaction of producers, strengthening accountability in the market, ensuring the leading manufacturers of distribution. The information obtained will manufacturers make more and more useful, manufacturers are in direct contact with customers, capture their needs easily than through the intermediary distribution. Besides the above advantages, the direct distribution channel is limited low level of expertise, organization and management of more complex channels, the companys capital flows slow, dispersed workforce. In general, in the present conditions, when economy development Quick, scale expand then structure this channel very rare, it accounting for proportion small in entire system distribution channels by it only match the background production export have scale small, market relations narrow. * Channel shortened: Manufacturer Retailer Consumer Use as a large-scale retail, bulk purchases from manufacturers Cosume storage costs are too expensive if you use a wholesaler. The advantage of the shortened channel is free for manufacturers to functional specialization circulation and develop the productive resources. The downside of the channel is shortened manufacturers or retailers to function doubles the wholesale trade, difficulty balancing and ensuring continuous along the entire distribution. Shortened channel should be applied with some type of certain retail establishments, some items simply to serve some sort of stable demand regular consumer. * Full Channel: Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer – Consumer This type of channel 2. In the channel, in addition to the distribution of an additional wholesaler, this structure is often used for the common goods of low value, frequently purchased. The advantage of this channel is to promote the advantages of focused specialization in each field, increasing labor productivity and working capital round. The downside is that there are too many channels full and intermediate management clue as to control the whole system becomes more complex channels, large cost and long working time, prone to the volatility and risk risk. Full channel normally used for goods of low value, low cost frequently purchased by consumers. Mixed Channel: Manufacturer Agent Wholesaler Retailer Consumer The advantage of the mixed channel is required to best meet social division of labor between the production, circulation and internal circulation and shape allows to maximize commercial activity in all market position selling retail and residential location distribution. The downside is the increased number of channels will be difficulties in the acquisition of customer information, the control and supervision of intermediaries also impeded    It is u sed when there are many small manufacturers and retailers. An agent is used to help coordinate supply bulk products to the target market. Type of channel 3 level and channel 4 level is long and most complete. This is a common channel for distribution of goods. It solves conflicts: production focus, extensive consumer. However, with the use of long channels, the cost for the channel is set large, the administration and management of distribution channels difficult. So managers need to invest and manage an appropriate way to avoid duplication and reduce costs down. Source: Jobber, D. , (2001). Principles and Practice of Marketing. (3rd ed. ). London: McGraw-Hill. Organization of distribution channels There are many forms of organization of distribution channels, some of distribution channels systems just only have an unofficial impacrs relationships, loosely connected between the department business, and some of channels systems have an official contacts between organization is highly specialized. For example: * Traditional Marketing Channels: As a random subset of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers. In each separate business entity seeks the way that maximum their profit despite decreased profit of whole system. No member of channel can entirely control or substantially to other members.

Free Essays on A Comparison Of Wells’ And Marx’s Ideas On Class Struggles And The Future

A Comparison of Wells’ and Marx’s Ideas on Class Struggles and the Future We grow up envisioning the future through television programming such as the Jetsons and Star Trek. Through optimistic eyes, we see the future as merely a further advancement of our technology, society, and comforts of living. Inversely, because of natural fear, we never portray the future as a continuation or development of the problems we face today: Diseases will always have cures, wars will always end, and social struggles will always be resolved. H. G. Wells and Karl Marx challenged these sanguinely views of the advancement of human society and identify the faults that would lead to our destruction. Wells, through the Time Machine, illustrates how the increasing wealth gap and the industrial revolution diminish our capabilities as humans. Though Marx is confident about the future, through The Communist Manifesto and dialectical materialism, he describes how the introduction of unskilled labor and capitalism is a step backwards in our development. Their ideas share the common the me of identifying and facing our problem; however, they disagree of whether the downfall is as a class oriented problem. Karl Marx defined history as acting in a dialectical manner. He thought that there was always a thesis (advancement), antithesis (setback), and synthesis (further advancement). He thought that in 1848 we were in the antithesis that is capitalism. Factories, industry, and large businesses impeded the advancement process. Before those, people were creative, manufacturing people who made products from start to finish and enjoyed all the profits that their efforts allowed them to. Now, people worked numerously more hours and inputted much more strength and effort into their work. They only produced part of a product and were paid a wage. Their salary was a small fraction of the profits made by the finished product. Someone who inputted no effort into the produ... Free Essays on A Comparison Of Wells’ And Marx’s Ideas On Class Struggles And The Future Free Essays on A Comparison Of Wells’ And Marx’s Ideas On Class Struggles And The Future A Comparison of Wells’ and Marx’s Ideas on Class Struggles and the Future We grow up envisioning the future through television programming such as the Jetsons and Star Trek. Through optimistic eyes, we see the future as merely a further advancement of our technology, society, and comforts of living. Inversely, because of natural fear, we never portray the future as a continuation or development of the problems we face today: Diseases will always have cures, wars will always end, and social struggles will always be resolved. H. G. Wells and Karl Marx challenged these sanguinely views of the advancement of human society and identify the faults that would lead to our destruction. Wells, through the Time Machine, illustrates how the increasing wealth gap and the industrial revolution diminish our capabilities as humans. Though Marx is confident about the future, through The Communist Manifesto and dialectical materialism, he describes how the introduction of unskilled labor and capitalism is a step backwards in our development. Their ideas share the common th eme of identifying and facing our problem; however, they disagree of whether the downfall is as a class oriented problem. Karl Marx defined history as acting in a dialectical manner. He thought that there was always a thesis (advancement), antithesis (setback), and synthesis (further advancement). He thought that in 1848 we were in the antithesis that is capitalism. Factories, industry, and large businesses impeded the advancement process. Before those, people were creative, manufacturing people who made products from start to finish and enjoyed all the profits that their efforts allowed them to. Now, people worked numerously more hours and inputted much more strength and effort into their work. They only produced part of a product and were paid a wage. Their salary was a small fraction of the profits made by the finished product. Someone who inputted no effort into the produ...

Nurse Manager Skills Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nurse Manager Skills Inventory - Essay Example Bernice Skytt (2008) has found this tool to be is satisfactory for use after doing extensive research. This tool is widely used in clinical settings and was basically developed by three biggest and national level nursing organizations. As part of my current topic, I would be personally be analyzing some parts of this skill inventory and would discuss its implications on my work. Personal and professional accountability My personal growth and development been my strength and I would rate it as expert practices since I have strong annual plans that I implement and I am still carrying on with future education and I intend to carry on with it. For me ethical considerations have always been a top priority and I believe in establishing highest possible ethical and moral standards for my nursing practice. I would rate myself as skillful and competent in the field of professional association involvement. Professional associations for networking and development have been under my consideratio n for a long time and I intend to improve more on them. During my stay at various hospitals, I have earned several certifications in my specialty so I would rate myself as an expert in this. ... Personal journey disciplines Development of individual leadership qualities and strengthening them has always been a top priority for me in the field of nursing. I consider myself as an expert in council management and this is something that promotes my leadership abilities. For me action learning and reflective practice would be placed as competitive skill. I completely understand this and always try to improve more on these standards as to develop better leadership qualities. Reflective practice reference behaviors/tenets To be a successful professional I need to act upon certain guidelines which can put my leadership reflections in my profession and I am an expert in most of these guidelines. I always value integrity and truth in my profession and take it to highest possible levels. Diversity is a tool I am skillful at but I would regard myself a complete expert when it comes to holding multiple perspectives without biased opinion, in discovering potentials of life and keeping my commitments to myself. I would however admit for having novice experience in emotional self. Current Leadership Skills as Method of Improvement I intend to use my leadership to improve workplace on individual and professional grounds for the whole team. Since I have a deep understanding on my field and I am still in process of acquiring knowledge I can use every new aspect I learn on practical grounds and work for welfare of my patients. My understanding on my future helps me in making better and more productive decisions. Moreover, I can use my council management skill in improving the workplace in general but using my leadership qualities and ensuring that all the concerns in a team are

Individual Case Study Assignment (4,000 words) Business Synoptic ( Essay - 1

Individual Case Study Assignment (4,000 words) Business Synoptic ( adjustments) 3 - Essay Example The firm has therefore established its core growth strategic management, a continuous expansion, domestically and globally (Furman, 2005). Thus, an effective marketing management stratagem has been formulated. There are four major elements involved in Wal-Mart’s competitive strategic management and market approach. These include situation analysis, strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation (Bivens, 2006). Wal-Mart has therefore aggressively expanded globally especially in the emerging markets of China and India by applying these concepts through strategic management inherently encompassing marketing management. The company’s main strategic management approach is thus underpinned when the firm devises methods that can bring about a competitive advantage to its market segment (Johnson et al, 2006, Pg.242). In the control of the retail markets, Wal-Mart has devised a marketing strategy based on discounting its products while retaining high standards as envisioned by founder Sam Walton (Wal-Mart.com). The firm has efficient supply chain management systems including its overseas networks particularly China thus gaining a competitive edge (Vance and Scott, 1994, Pg.119). In its domestic strategy, the firm originally expanded into small towns, but has since captured other rivals territories in the major city centres and globally by applying high quality service and discounting policies (Vance and Scott, 1994, Pg.69). Wal-Mart other competitive strategy correlated to its market strategies is encouraging branches or own stores to compete against each subsequently locking out other competing firms as the firm’s diverse stores fiercely vie for the local market segment (Quinn, 2000, Pg.115). Through some intensive advertising campaigns, Wal-Mart strategic management approach concurrent to its marketing tactics has been positively promotion of its brand name as

Karachaganak Petroleum Operating Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Karachaganak Petroleum Operating - Case Study Example The agreement was signed for a period of 40 years. The key business area with respect to KPO B.V., Kazakhstan is it Information Technology equipment. The company is strong in its IT equipment which it uses to run its daily operations. The unit holds around 1.2 billion tones of oil and condensate and also 1.35 trillion cubic meters of gas. The major advantage with the plant is that there is a good amount of income being generated to both the national and local economies. Additionally, the plant is also providing long-term employment to almost 80% people of Kazakhstan. The field covers an area of almost 280 square kilometers. The Mission Statement of the Procurement Department at KPO B.V. is - to provide cost effective and efficient service to all Company User groups for the procurement of goods and services. In providing this service the Department maximizes the practical use of commercial competitions to achieve the best overall economic solution consistent with the User Departments requirements. The structure of the Procurement Department at KPO B.V. is as follows: -Vendor Development and Qualification (VNDQ) - The main objective for the existence of this department is to handle all sorts of issues related to the qualification of vendors and contractors whom it feels are potential for the Approved Vendors List and at the same time contribute in developing the local supply sources. -Procurement - The major responsibility of the Procurement department is to manage the activities of procurement that are associated with the field operations. The department is also needed to supervise the wide range of procurement right from goods to the corporate services. -Contracts - Contracts planning, audit, supervision and all sorts of coordination and administration activities of the major contracts are taken care by this department. -Planning & Reports - This department takes care of all the planning activities like the budget planning, cost control, the formulation of the Standard Term & Conditions of Contract, business methods and systems and the formulation of Departmental procedures. The main focus of the Vendor Development with respect to the operations of KPO B.V. is to make the local companies involve in the provision of the required goods and services of the company. The requirement may be related to all the departments like Production and Maintenance, Engineering and Projects, Infrastructure and Services, Well Operations in which the company wishes to develop local supplier capability for a long-term relationship. Supply Chain Management - An Overview The supply chain can be described as the network, covering the various stages in the provision of products or services to customers. It includes not only manufacturers and suppliers, but also transporters, warehouses, distributors, retailers, etc.

Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension

Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension Introduction High blood pressure, or most usually termed as hypertension is one of the most common diseases that  affects the human population and approximately 1 billion individuals are afflicted by it and around 7.1 million deaths per year can be affiliated with it. (Chobanian, et al., 2003). However all these deaths are caused mostly by cardiovascular disease and another disease, death does not occur b hypertension on its own but by many of the acute linked diseases like Myocardia Infraction, strokes and renal failures. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009). As it is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity, it possesses important health challenge as the cost associated with treating it and reducing other risk factors associated with it a lot of active research is being done to understand the causes and the pathophysiology. Classification Normal blood pressure is considered to be 115/75 mmHg, whereas the 115 is the systolic pressure (occurs during contraction of the ventricles) and 75 is the diastolic pressure (occurs during the relaxation of ventricles). (Oparil Weber, Hypertension: A Companion to Brenner and Rectors The Kidney, 2005). An individual is treated with hypertension when their blood pressure is consistently over 140/90 mmHg, however doctors these days are becoming more cautious and start treatment when the pressure touches 130/80 mmHg . It is known that cardiovascular risk increases for every 20/11 mmHg increment. (Chobanian, et al., 2003) Hypertension can be broadly classified into two groups; primary/essential and secondary hypertension. About 90 to 95% population diagnosed with hypertension has primary type, for which the cause is not full known and seems to be more prevalent as people age; it may increase up to 75% in people aged over 75. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009) (Carretero Opari, 2000). Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition which has altered the homeostatic pathway of regulating blood pressure. Secondary hypertension is more easily treatable as the underlying cause can be identified. Some commonly recognised diseases that may cause hypertension include Cushings disorder, kidney diseases and tumours. Another important cause is the genetic abnormality of the aorta. (Williams, 2010). Signs and Symptoms Moderate hypertension which starts from 140/90 is asymptomatic. Prolonged and sudden enhanced blood pressure is linked to headaches, sleepiness and visual disturbances; which in turn can cause nausea. (McPhee, Papadakis, Tierney, 2008)While it is known hypertension is more prevalent in elderly, children can be affected as well in the children the symptoms may be as more acute like epistaxis, and bell palsy. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009). Children usually exhibit hypertension due to some other underlying cause, and thus most cases are of secondary nature. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009).The signs and symptoms of secondary hypertension are dependent upon the ailment that is causing it and thus the indicators for Cushings syndrome would be different from the genetic one or drug induced one. (Williams, 2010) Pathophysiology The exact cause of the primary hypertension is not known. There are many risk factors including age, genetics, metabolic, race and â€Å"sedentary lifestyle which can cause obesity† and it has been estimated that 85%of the cases of hypertension have a higher BMI than 25. (Haslam James, 2005) Figure 1: This figure shows the key elements of the pathophysiology of hypertension and all the risk factors which increase the likelihood of contracting the ailment. Abbreviations used here: AME- apparent mineralocorticoid excess; CNS central nervous system; GRA glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. (Oparil, Zaman, Calhoun, Pathogenesis of Hypertension, 2003) The pathophysiologic mechanism and the vascular irregularities are speculative and it is actively being researched upon. Blood pressure is the combined consequence of cardiac output and vascular resistance thus either one can independently or in combination cause hypertension. (Dreisbach Sharma, 2010). Different studies show that several factors may work independently or together to turn the neurohumoral systems on or off. In patients with a hyper-responsive system due to â€Å"changed vascular properties† an aggravated pressure flow is observed. (Randal, 1991). It has also been studied that there is a natural evolution of the disease thus man researchers suggest the one of the reason of the early elevations of the blood volume or the cardiac output may be the inadequate elimination of sodium by kidneys. Increased sodium levels can increase the osmotic pressure hence the blood volume. It chronic hypertension subjects the cardiac output and the blood volume is usually close to the normal. So it can be inferred that hypertension is maintained by the increase in vascular resistance by a decrease of elasticity of the walls as in aging or â€Å"by a reduction in lumen Diameter† (Khabunde, 2007) when the individual has been following a medically unhealthy lifestyle. These â€Å"changes in arterioles, which increase total peripheral resistance, result in an increase in diastolic and a secondary increase in systolic blood pressures† (Randal, 1991) Another factor that different studies have showed relate the decrease in sensitivity of receptors of the receptors in the vessels The decrease in receptors sensitivity modifies central nervous system (CNS) manipulation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) distribution, resulting in two expressions. First, having an insensitive receptor requires a larger change in blood pressure to produce the same response as the receptor doesnt get activated. Secondly decreased receptors â€Å"sensitivity results in enhanced SNS activity for a given level of arterial blood pressure.† (Supiano, 2001) In hypertension there is has been shown evidence that changes in vascular endothelial function (VEF) can hamper normal vascular tone of hypertensive patients. Vascular tone can be changed by increase circulation of angiotensin II, or by the increased sympathetic activity (as discussed above). The altered sympathetic activity can lead to a decrease in production of nitric oxide which is a vasodilator or endothelin production could increase, which is a vasoconstrictor. (Khabunde, 2007). Type 2 diabetes can causes endothelial dysfunction â€Å"by enhanced oxygen free radical-mediated damage and decreased nitric oxide bioavailability.† (Khabunde, 2007). Other factors that maintain hypertension are caused by dysfunction in electrolyte homoeostasis especially deviations in sodium, calcium, and potassium concentrations. Sodium example has been already discussed above. In addition, calcium increases vascular contractility. It can also stimulate renin release; the same mechanism is thought to operate in obesity-mediated hypertension. Renin synthesis epinephrine, and activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which can be linked back to abnormalities seen in vascular tone. Potassium, however, helps decrease the blood pressure as it suppresses the release of renin. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009). This figure explains the different factors that directly affect the blood pressure, which is later affected by other different factors. In hypertension cardiac output is usually normal and therefore peripheral resistance sustains hypertension by the dysfunction in vascular function or decreases in lumen by a sedentary lifestyle. The figure is taken from Wikipedia. (Wikipedia, 2009) It can be seen the complexity of the system, as many mechanism works to sustain hypertension. In different individuals, it can be difficult to understand which systems are operational thus designing treatments can be difficult, and treatments are then usually more often designed to affect the regulatory factors rather than cause. (Randal, 1991) Treatment Treatment usually works to regulate the factors which maintain hypertension. Non-pharmacological treatments include lifestyle changes like decrease/halt in alcohol and cigarette consumption and if needed weight reduction with a more active lifestyle. Caffeine intake is also minimized as it increases the pulse rate. It is assessed that lifestyle interventions can reduce blood pressure by at least 10 mmHg in about 1 in 4 people with high blood pressure. (Association, 2009).Yet most of the times pharmacological interventions are used as they more affectively regulate blood pressure, there around 6 classes of pharmacological medications available which all perform at different levels to bring the blood pressure to normal. (Oparil Weber, Hypertension: A Companion to Brenner and Rectors The Kidney, 2005). ACE inhibitors: inhibits the assembly of angiotensin II, as a result, the vessels expand improving the blood flow. The tension in the circulation is regulated to normalcy by increase filtration by the kidneys. The decrease in levels of fluids also helps reduce blood pressure. This medication is used only when other medications are not working. Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists: they work in an analogous manner to ACE inhibitors. However, instead of stopping the production of angiotensin II, they prevent its action on the receptors. Again vessels are able to expand, improving blood flow and reducing blood pressure. Beta-blockers block the effects of sympathetic nervous system and the hormone epinephrine. This decreases the cardiac output as it relaxes the heart so the pulse rate is slowed down, lowering the blood pressure. Alpha-blockers: triggers the vessels to ease and expand. Giving them in combination with beta-blockers has a greater effect. Calcium-channel blockers: expand the arteries to reduce the muscle tension and also decrease the cardiac output by relaxing the heart muscles so it pumps more slowly, reducing blood pressure. Diuretics: help clear the unnecessary sodium and water thru kidneys, which decrease the osmotic pressure. They also relax the blood vessels reducing the strain on them. (Uren Rutherford, 2004) Treatment for hypertension is throughout ones life as hypertension is not curable; however, all the drug classes above help maintain the blood pressure quite well within the normal range. Summary The complexity of pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to high blood pressure is such that selective antihypertensive treatment is rarely possible and a number of drugs and lifestyle changes are required to bring any change. Hypertension is widespread among middle-aged and elderly and controlling their blood pressure is a challenge we face as we still have not properly understood the underlying causes of primary/essential hypertension. (Oparil, Zaman, Calhoun, Pathogenesis of Hypertension, 2003). Bibliography Association, B. P. (2009, March 4). High Blood Pressure. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Patients UK: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/High-Blood-Pressure-(Hypertension).htm Carretero, O. A., Opari, l. S. (2000, Jan 25). Essential hypertension. Part I: definition and aetiology. Circulation, 3(101), 329-335. Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R., Cushman, W. C., Green, L. A., Izzo, J. L., et al. (2003, December 1). Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension, 42, 1206-1252. Dreisbach, A. W., Sharma, S. (2010, Feb 19). Hypertension and Kidney. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Emedicine: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview Haslam, D., James, W. (2005). Obesity. The Lancet, 366, 1197-1209. Khabunde, R. E. (2007, January 04). Primary (essential) hypertension. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts: http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP024.htm McPhee, S. J., Papadakis, M. A., Tierney, L. M. (2008). Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2008. United States: McGraw-Hill. Oparil, S., Weber, M. A. (2005). Hypertension: A Companion to Brenner and Rectors The Kidney (2nd ed.). United States: Elsevier. Oparil, S., Zaman, M. A., Calhoun, a. D. (2003). Pathogenesis of Hypertension. PHYSIOLOGY IN MEDICINE: A SERIES OF ARTICLES LINKING MEDICINE WITH SCIENCE, 761-776. Randal, l. O. (1991). Physiology and pathophysiology of hypertension. Journal of the Association for Academic Minority Physicians, 151-155. Rodriguez-Cruz, E. (2009, Nov 16). Hypertension. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from eMedicine: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889877-overview Supiano, M. A. (2001, Dec 2). Hypertension: Classification, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Armenian Health Network: http://www.health.am/hypertension/hypertension/#Pathophysiology Uren, N., Rutherford, D. (2004, Sept 24). High blood pressure (hypertension). Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Net Doctor: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/hypertension.htm Wikipedia. (2009, June 8). Arterial Pressure. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arterial_pressure_diagram.png Williams, B. (2010, Feb 10). Secondary Hypertension. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Hypertension: Overview, Causes, Symptoms, Risk factors, Treatment: http://www.health.am/hypertension/secondary-hypertension/

Drinking Reality Essay -- essays papers

Drinking Reality There is nothing in the world I love more than coffee, I thought. The aroma that calls you from a million miles away. The bitterness it sends through your soul, filling you up; giving you the warmth that you so desperately crave. And the darkness†¦ the blackness that reminds me all too much of my life. I didn’t know what I was doing there, but somehow it made sense. I skipped my first class that day. My first class ever. I didn’t know why†¦. If I had to think about it, I never knew why I did anything. All my life, I was guided and told what to do by others. I never realized where I was going; I walked a tight rope of others expectations thinking that if I ever took my eyes off what was ahead, I would fall. I never even looked out to see if there was another rope†¦. Maybe one who did not have such high expectations. I just hoped that my parents and friends knew best, and that I was heading in the right direction. I sat at one of those coffee shops, w here they pretend that the black stuff that they sell you for three dollars a cup is really gourmet. I was sittin...

In the Time of the Butterflies By Julia Alvaraz Essay

Organizational Patterns: In the Time of the Butterflies is organized into three parts—Part I, Part II, and Part III. These parts are followed by an Epilogue critical to the story. Each part of the book consists of four chapters, each chapter is told by a different narrator. The narrators are the four Mirabal sisters (aka the butterflies), Dede, Minerva, Maria Teresa, and Patria. As each chapter changes narrators, bits and pieces of the story are revealed as each different personality finds different facts important. Dede, Minerva, and Patria all use a standard narration, but Maria’s narration is related through her journal: she includes drawings, dates, pictures, and more trivial and personal experiences of her days. Maria’s chapters add something a little unique and therefore contribute to the creativity and interest of the story. Narrator: Dede is the leading character as she is the only sister who is not claimed by the martyrdom. The narration begins in second person with Dede in her current time (1994), relating the story of the butterflies by going back in time. Each sister then begins taking her turn, rotating chapters, narrating in first person. With Dede, Minerva, Patria, and Maria all taking a turn by chapter, each girl’s distinct personality and voice adds variety and excitement to the book. The story then does well to validate a large audience who will most likely find some of themselves in a particular sister, or in the sisters combined. Themes: Sacrifice – The central theme of this book is sacrifice; sacrificing oneself for the greater good, for others, and for one’s country. Throughout the entire novel the Mirabal sisters are exemplars of this as they sacrifice of their time, energy, and hearts to help not only the ones they love, but the many strangers about them who are suffering political injustice and violence. Minerva, who becomes a political icon and some sort of a hero because of her fighting spirit and call to action, consistently sacrifices herself in her combat of injustice, and expects the same of those around her. Her sisters follow her lead in sacrificing themselves through her persuasion and passion for what is right. Political Control – The book resonates with political chains and injustice. All people in the Dominican Republic in this time period, the early and middle 1900’s, lived in constant fear of the way they spoke and the way they lived. The dictator of the time—Trujillo—had planted spies and technology within hearing range of most public homes. If for any reason Trujillo was to suspect a person or family of political disloyalty the suspects would disappear, being sent to either prison or their death. Throughout the book superficiality and fear are continually exhibited through the public who are forced to worship and praise a bloodthirsty dictator or fear for their lives. Loyalty – Many different forms of loyalty are addressed in the book through those fighting for freedom and those fighting for power. The Mirabal family displays strong loyalty and love as they do not allow a political system to tear them apart. At all costs they fight for one another and prove the importance of family, devotion, and forgiveness. The opposing side also displays a different kind of loyalty as loyalty is forced through fear. The superficial loyalty of the government stands in stark contrast to the chosen loyalty of friends and family members. Identity – There is a strong sense of identity throughout the book as each Mirabal sisters’ personality and value system is related in the different chapters. There is an obvious struggle in each sister as she must determine who she is, which side she is on, and what she will stand for. Detailed and intimate conflicts are related as each girl interacts with the people around her, and decides the kind of life she will lead. Choosing the course that is best for all and contributes to the greater good, rather than focusing on just the individual, is stressed. Each sister succeeds in finding a strong and accomplishing individuality through the help and encouragement of each other. Regret and inner battles are something each girl deals with immensely as she struggles to choose the right course for herself, and her conscience. High contribution and expectation are placed upon each sister as they succeed in living up to a strong sense of purpose and identity. Setting: The setting of the book takes place in the Dominican Republic. Because the book relates two different time periods as Dede gives the present view and the relation of the story by going back in time, the time periods and situations do change. When Dede goes back in time the years are 1938-1960 where dictator Trujillo has control of the country. In this setting the political unrest and fear of the people are very high. The Mirabals begin as a regular family who then gradually become famous in this time period through their noncompliance with the government and â€Å"radical† political views. Dede also relates her present circumstances in the year 1994 throughout the book. In this this time period the effect and fame of the Mirabals are related as current political icons and martyrs in a now free Dominican Republic. The two different settings accomplish cause and effect. The cause of the Mirabals is related in the first setting and time period of the book, and the effect of their action is displayed in the second and current time period for Dede. Tone: The tone of the book is one of action and enjoyment. As the Mirabal sisters choose a dangerous and outspoken course the book becomes very high spirited. Through many adventures, love stories, relationships, and sorrows, reader is called to a more active lifestyle with high expectation. While the book deals with very dangerous situations ultimately resulting in death, somehow it is also able to keep a tone of love, loyalty, and pleasure through the optimism and energy of the sisters. A tone of willpower definitely comes forth, most highly exemplified through the character of Minerva. Foreshadowing: As the main narrator Dede relates the story of the butterflies through a second person narration as a moment in history, and because she is relating history she knows where the story will go and how it ends. This being the case, there are many moments of foreshadowing through flashbacks as Dede remembers certain parts of the story. Following are a few examples of Dede’s foreshadowing: Chapter 1 -Dede’s garden (year 1994) foreshadows the ending of her sisters, or â€Å"the butterflies†, when she realizes she has accidentally, â€Å"snipped her prize butterfly orchid† (5). -A foreshadowing of the history Dede experienced when she hears a car door slam and jumps, â€Å"Any Dominican of a certain generation would have jumped at that gunshot sound† (5). -Foreshadowed is the inability to freely express oneself in the historical time period to be told, â€Å"Words repeated, distorted, words recreated by those who might bear them a grudge, words stitched to words until they are the winding sheet the family will be buried in when their bodies are found dumped in a ditch, their tongues cut off for speaking too much† (10). The sisters all take part in foreshadowing their future martyrdom as political unrest and their involvement proceed: -Maria comments in her journal early on of her most radical sister Minerva, â€Å"I swear my older sister will be the death of me!† (39) Minerva does end up swaying Maria into the underground fight that ultimately does result in her death. -After the first couple encounters with the dangerous Trujillo, Minerva writes of her family, â€Å"We sit silently, listening to the rain on the thatched roof, a numb, damp, fatalistic feeling among us. Something has started none of us can stop† (116). -As Dede scolds her niece (Minerva’s daughter) at the present time about being on the road at night, she thinks, â€Å"If their mothers had only waited until the next morning to drive back over that deserted mountain road, they might still be alive to scold their own daughters about the dangers of driving at night† (173). -And Minerva as she is feeling the end near, â€Å"Certainly there was something suspicious in his granting us these privileges. But all I felt was numb, resigned, sitting in that stuffy office. Not only was there nothing in the world we could do to save the men, there was nothing in the world we could do to save ourselves either† (283). The sisters are murdered the next month. Affective Issues Related to the Work: Peer Pressure – There are ample amounts of peer pressure as these sisters face a highly energized time where every person must choose a side. Minerva is the sister that gives the most pressure to her other sisters as she works at persuading them to be strong and join her cause. The most inner conflict is seen in the character of Dede as she is torn by what her husband believes and what Minerva believes. Both are fighting for her loyalty. Dede wants to please everyone but finds that it is an impossible task. She is continually swayed back and forth as she battles her conscience about what side she should join. She feels she must be loyal to her husband and his opinion to stay out of the political issues, but then she feels a call morally to join her sister Minerva who is fighting against evil. She never quite finds the solution or a single path to follow, but ends up finding a good in between for herself. This is the more realistic case in most people’s world, and theref ore brings a strong sense of humanness as Dede experiences the power of influence, and the power of inner conscience. Most secondary students are dealing with the same issues and can relate to the pressures of pleasing both ourselves and others. Right and Wrong – There are many examples of people having to choose in quick moments between what is right and wrong. Minerva has an extremely strong sense of what is right and wrong and is continually fighting for fairness and truth. Patria is extremely religious and is guided always by her inner devotion to God. Maria is timid but consistently chooses a good path, and notices in others when they make bad or wrong choices. Dede also fights the same battle within to make choices that are right. All four girls are extremely guided by religion and doing what is right. Their complications and inner struggles are very real and relatable as each person ultimately chooses at some point the path they will choose. There are many good examples in the book of when one needs to stand up for what is right. All secondary students are battling with this same thing in their lives as they make decisions that will affect their character for the rest of their lives, and as they decide whether they will stand for what is right, or for what is wrong. Self Discovery – Because each sister is able to have her turn at narrating, there is a strong sense of self discovery as very personal details of their lives are included. Each girl explains her childhood and the many paths that were before them, and the reasons why they chose the paths they did. The strongest example of self discovery would lie in the character of Patria as she feels an extreme devotion to God as a young child. Because of her extremely large heart and faith she is sent to a religious school where she can be guided in becoming a nun if that is the path she would choose. She is extremely devoted to God and continues to be devoted as she experiences puberty and all things that come with it. Very personally, but not graphically, she relates her desire to be touched as stronger than her desire to become a nun. She chooses to love a man instead of becoming a nun, gets married to her love, and begins having children. She remains extremely faithful religiously and never regrets the path she chooses as she discovers the things she really wants from life. Vocabulary Issues: The book is fairly easy to read on terms of vocabulary; however Spanish is consistently mixed in throughout the book. The story does take place in the Dominican Republic, where the standard language is Spanish, so often Spanish expressions and words are used by the characters. Reader does not need to understand these words to understand the novel by any means, however understanding the few Spanish words would be helpful. It might be nice as a class to either go over the Spanish words together after each reading, or simply have a list typed of all the Spanish used in the book, with English translations for students to refer to as they read. There are a few words that are used repetitively and so should be addressed in the beginning. Males are often referred to as macho—the Spanish word for male. Also the butterflies are referred to as las mariposas—the Spanish word for butterflies. Background Knowledge: Author Julia Alvarez does a fantastic job at explaining the state of political unrest and depicting the power of a government run by a dictator in this historical novel. While background knowledge is not necessary because the book contains good recounting of the history in question with much explanation, background information could still be helpful. One’s interest may be peaked upon learning of the butterflies, the underground political system, Trujillo and his government etc†¦ and their actual role in history. Because the historical facts are so interesting it could be very fun to give a build up lesson or two teaching about dictators and government in general and the power they have successfully gained in the past. Followed by this general outline of government, the specific time period of the book could then be searched and taught about. The characters themselves would be very interesting to study and to learn of in a more historical and brief way before the book is read. This book offers many outside lessons as it deals with actual history, social problems, and real people. Many doors are opened for outside lessons to understand the novel more clearly. Implications for Students of Diversity: This is a great book for students of diversity as it takes place in a different country, with darker colored people, who speak a different language. The book is an experience that the majority of students in the class will be unfamiliar with. Because the majority of minorities in the United States right now are Spanish speakers, this book will be of more interest to them as the characters use Spanish throughout the book and are living in a Spanish culture. It is fun to read this book as a minority because these girls are heroines of a different ethnicity. It would also be helpful to have some of the Spanish speaking students in the class contribute in translating some of the words or explaining the culture for the class if they are acquainted with some of the traditions. This will be a good opportunity for these students of diversity to better acquaint themselves and their background with their classmates. It will also be a good opportunity for the majority of the class to experience and learn about a history and lifestyle other than their own. Gender Issues: Gender issues are addressed strongly throughout the book mainly because the main characters in the story are women. Not only are they women, they are women experiencing the mid 1900’s, they are outspoken, and they are extremely active in areas that women were not usually active in. Minerva time and time again undermines the authority of Trujillo, not just a male but also the leading dictator. The father of the Mirabal girls passionately loves his daughters, but often references to wishing he had sons as they are the preferred gender. Men are shown at their worst often in the story sometimes exuding a feministic tone. Maria continually includes in her journal how she hates men, as she has reason, having seen adultery committed by the men closest to her. Each sister is extremely independent often undermining any kind of authority their husbands â€Å"should† have. The sisters are extremely ahead of their time when it comes to the woman question, and it is referenced again and again throughout the novel. While there are hints of feminism throughout the novel, there is also an extreme devotion of the Mirabal sisters to their father and husbands. Forgiveness plays a key role in the relationships as it should in most relationships, and therefore does not truly exhibit negativity towards men or these relationships. The girls are strong, but still extremely loyal and loving of their male counterparts. The Central Question or Enduring Issue: The central question or enduring issue of this novel would have to do with choice. Each person chooses his or her path. Each person decides their own fate according to what is inside of them, and what the outside circumstances would require. In more of a question form perhaps, when does one act? When does one stand up and manifest who they are? Every person has agency and practices it each day. The Mirabal sisters chose a higher route. They used their agency to battle the fight against evil. They chose to make something of themselves bit by bit in every little decision they made that led to the big decisions in the end. Humans everywhere settle for mediocrity, but a better question might be, when is mediocrity not enough? When does one use his or her agency to accomplish something greater? The battle of right and wrong is everywhere, and the Mirabal sisters chose the path for right. Research Issues/Project Ideas: Because of the historical richness of the novel there are many opportunities for research papers. Students could research the dictator Trujillo, the history of government in the Dominican Republic, the time period, specific characters, the accuracy of the novel in comparison to the facts, the effect of the Mirabal sisters, whether the legend lives on etc†¦ Projects might include expressions of art using the theme of butterflies, or using the different personalities of each sister, characterization in the form of art or a paper on a favorite sister. Other options for papers are available in the form of a compare and contrast essay between the student and a chosen character, or two characters form the novel, a creative writing paper including a new character or an expansion of the chapters on one of the sisters, a paper on a chosen theme or issue, social problems could be studied, feminism could be written about, the relationships between the men and women could be written about etc†¦ The topics go on and on in this novel. Because of its perfect blend of characterization, plot, history, and social issues the opportunities seem endless! Informational/Functional Texts: Wikipedia gives a good intro and brief historical explanation of the book that might be a nice intro: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Time_of_the_Butterflies This site gives a brief introduction to the government, history, and culture of the Dominican Republic to familiarize with the students: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107475.html This is a good picture of a map to help students see where the Dominican Republic is located and how close it is to the United States: http://www.islandbrides.com/maps/loc_dominican_republic.gif This site gives a wonderful introduction to In the Time of the Butterflies historically, followed by facts about Trujillo’s bloody reign. The facts are both graphic and eye opening as the destruction one man caused is related. This makes the Mirabal sisters even more admirable as the ruthlessness of Trujillo is accessed here: http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbseng2/ButterfliesAlvarez/trujillobutterflies.htm This is a wonderful site that con tains pictures of the Mirabal sisters, explains their lives, and their martyrdoms. There is also a picture of their murderer available—Trujillo. There is an English and Spanish option to read and learn more about the lives of the heroines: http://www.learntoquestion.com/seevak/groups/2000/sites/mirabal/mainpage.html

Essay on Love and Graffiti Moon

Essay on Love and Graffiti Moon Essay on Love and Graffiti Moon Graffiti Moon is a story about love. Do you agree? The novel Graffiti Moon, written by Cath Crowley, follows the Love, heartbreaks and nose breaks of Lucy, Ed and Shadow over one adventurous night back in the day in Melbourne. The story is about love and how it is not always perfect. Lucy, Ed and the other characters learn how relationships are not perfect or how they imagine them to be. Lucy thinks Shadow is perfect but when they meet he is not all what she expected him to be. Lucy always fantasises about Shadow, she absolutely loves him. Shadow is all Lucy thinks about, she thinks he is perfect based on his art. Lucy judges Shadow by what she sees in his paintings. She mentions â€Å"A guy who paints things like that I could fall for. Really fall for†, this demonstrates how Lucy is actually starting to fall for Shadow though they have never met. Lucy would do almost anything to meet Shadow. Even though he dropped out of school she tells herself â€Å"let me tell him he’s still smart and funny, tell him that some of my most beautiful glass pieces have cracks running through them†. By saying this she wants him to be perfect though he isn’t all that she wanted him to be. Ed and Lucy’s first date did not go all that well, though the date was not perfect it may have benefited them in the end. On their first date Ed ‘accidently’ touched Lucy’s arse so she punched him in the face and broke his nose, later in the novel Lucy says â€Å"you grabbed my arse† and Ed replies with â€Å"You broke my

How to Form and Use Possessive Adjectives

How to Form and Use Possessive Adjectives Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership of an item or an idea. Possessive adjectives are very similar to possessive pronouns and the two are often confused. Take a look at these examples of possessive adjectives immediately followed by possessive pronouns used in a similar sense. Possessive Adjective Examples My dog is very friendly.Her book is red.Our house is painted yellow. Possessive Pronouns Examples That friendly dog is mine.The red book is hers.That yellow house is ours. If you are unsure focus on the placement of possessive adjectives which are placed directly before the noun they modify. Possessive Adjectives Usage Possessive adjectives are used when the reference to which person or thing is understood. For example: Jack lives on this street. His house is over there. The possessive adjective his refers to Jack because of the context. Remember that possessive adjectives come in front of the noun they modify. Here is a list of possessive adjectives: I - my carYou - your dogHe - his boatShe - her familyIt - its fabric(NOT its!)We - our classYou - your jobsThey - their toys Examples: I took my daughter to the movies.Where is your house?I picked up his book yesterday.Thats her car over there.Its color is red!Our company is doing very well.Your bicycles are located in the basement.Their toys are in the closet. Possessive Adjective Checklist Possessive adjectives are used in place of proper names Place adjectives directly before the noun they modifyPossessive adjectives are very similar in usage to possessive pronouns Possessive adjectives are used when the context is clear who is in possession of an objectNote the similarity in form between possessive adjectives and pronouns Use these resources for more detailed information on other possessive forms: Possessive Nouns - For example, Johns house, the bicycles color, etc. Possessive Pronouns - For example, that is mine, this is hers, etc. This general guide to possessive forms quickly compares all three types of possessive forms.

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Should Cars Be More Efficient Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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